Model year-by-year Traditional IRA conversions to Roth — optimize tax-bracket filling and plan penalty-free access before age 59½ via the 5-year seasoning rule.
First Withdrawal Age
45
5 years after first conversion
Total Converted
$785,113.09
Total Tax Paid
$119,164.88
Avg 15% effective rate
Trad Balance at 59
$0.00
Remaining after last conversion
Roth Balance at 59
$1,934,842.23
Includes conversions + growth
Seasoned Basis
$785,113.09
Penalty-free withdrawal basis
Note: Taxes shown are paid from outside cash — not deducted from the converted amount. This is the correct Roth ladder strategy: it maximizes your Roth balance. If taxes must come from the converted amount, your effective Roth balance will be lower.
Ladder complete: The full Traditional balance was converted by age 55. All remaining growth is in Roth and compounds tax-free with no future RMDs.
Conversion Rungs
Each bar = one conversion rung · Hover for tax and available-from age · Dashed line = first penalty-free access
Balance Trajectory
Blue = Roth total · Green = penalty-free conversion basis · Orange = Traditional total · Note: RMDs are not modeled here